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Better way to make this picture of sequence with arrows


How to make “L” shaped arrows with curved edgeTikz: Error “dimension too large” when decorating arcMake TikZ figure with scenarios and arrowsDraw better identity arrows in tikzA better way to make this “Pac-Man” shape?How to improve this picture? Or have a better idea?Sequence of arrows circling aroundHelp with doing these arrows on this TikZ picturehow can draw this picturetikzset does not work in foreach loop













9















I created this picture
this picture



with very basic TikZ components and the code looks a bit messy, is there a more elegant way to do this? And secondly, is there a way to put dots at the stubs of the arrows in the beginning and end?



begin{tikzpicture}
draw[->] (-3.7, -0.4) %%% transition stub beginning
to [out=0,in=180] (-3.1, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-3, -0.2);

draw[->] (-3.1, -0.4) %%% to R_{t-1}
to [out=0,in=90] (-3,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-3,-1);

draw (-3,-1.2) node {(R_{t-1})};
draw (-2.9,0) node {(X_{t-1})};

draw[->] (-2.9,0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to A_{t-1}
to [out=90,in=180] (-2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-1.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (-1.7,0.2);

draw (-1.7,0) node {(A_{t-1})};

draw (-1.7, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-1.6,-0.4);

draw[->] (-2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to X_t transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-2.7, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-0.1, -0.2);

draw[->] (-0.2, -0.4) %%% to R_t
to [out=0,in=90] (-0.1,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-0.1,-1);

draw (-0.1,-1.2) node {(R_t)};
draw (0,0) node {(X_t)};

draw[->] (0,0.3) %%% X_t to A_t
to [out=90,in=180] (0.1, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (1.1,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (1.2,0.2);

draw (1.2,0) node {(A_t)};

draw (1.2, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (1.3,-0.4);

draw[->] (0.1, -0.3) %%% X_t to X_{t+1} transition
to [out=270,in=180] (0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (2.5, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (2.6, -0.2);

draw[->] (2.5, -0.4) %%% to R_{t+1}
to [out=0,in=90] (2.6,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (2.6,-1);

draw (2.6,-1.2) node {(R_{t+1})};
draw (2.7,0) node {(X_{t+1})};

draw[->] (2.7,0.3) %%% X_{t+1} to A_{t+1}
to [out=90,in=180] (2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (3.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (3.9,0.2);

draw (3.9,0) node {(A_{t+1})};

draw (3.9, -0.3) %%% join transition stub
to [out=270,in=180] (4,-0.4);

draw (2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t+1} transition stub end
to [out=270,in=180] (2.9, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (4.8, -0.4);

end{tikzpicture}


EDIT: Regarding the question, whether or not the arrows are supposed to overlap:



Yes, it symbolizes a transition kernel, which takes the state Xt and action At as input and returns the next state and reward Rt + 1. I also added a dotted line in the top bit, because the actions can depend on the entire history in general, although the markovian behaviors are more important.



enter image description here



Don't worry about updating your answers. I just wanted to learn about ways to improve next time. You helped me a ton.










share|improve this question




















  • 1





    Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:26













  • Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:55
















9















I created this picture
this picture



with very basic TikZ components and the code looks a bit messy, is there a more elegant way to do this? And secondly, is there a way to put dots at the stubs of the arrows in the beginning and end?



begin{tikzpicture}
draw[->] (-3.7, -0.4) %%% transition stub beginning
to [out=0,in=180] (-3.1, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-3, -0.2);

draw[->] (-3.1, -0.4) %%% to R_{t-1}
to [out=0,in=90] (-3,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-3,-1);

draw (-3,-1.2) node {(R_{t-1})};
draw (-2.9,0) node {(X_{t-1})};

draw[->] (-2.9,0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to A_{t-1}
to [out=90,in=180] (-2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-1.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (-1.7,0.2);

draw (-1.7,0) node {(A_{t-1})};

draw (-1.7, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-1.6,-0.4);

draw[->] (-2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to X_t transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-2.7, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-0.1, -0.2);

draw[->] (-0.2, -0.4) %%% to R_t
to [out=0,in=90] (-0.1,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-0.1,-1);

draw (-0.1,-1.2) node {(R_t)};
draw (0,0) node {(X_t)};

draw[->] (0,0.3) %%% X_t to A_t
to [out=90,in=180] (0.1, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (1.1,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (1.2,0.2);

draw (1.2,0) node {(A_t)};

draw (1.2, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (1.3,-0.4);

draw[->] (0.1, -0.3) %%% X_t to X_{t+1} transition
to [out=270,in=180] (0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (2.5, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (2.6, -0.2);

draw[->] (2.5, -0.4) %%% to R_{t+1}
to [out=0,in=90] (2.6,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (2.6,-1);

draw (2.6,-1.2) node {(R_{t+1})};
draw (2.7,0) node {(X_{t+1})};

draw[->] (2.7,0.3) %%% X_{t+1} to A_{t+1}
to [out=90,in=180] (2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (3.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (3.9,0.2);

draw (3.9,0) node {(A_{t+1})};

draw (3.9, -0.3) %%% join transition stub
to [out=270,in=180] (4,-0.4);

draw (2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t+1} transition stub end
to [out=270,in=180] (2.9, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (4.8, -0.4);

end{tikzpicture}


EDIT: Regarding the question, whether or not the arrows are supposed to overlap:



Yes, it symbolizes a transition kernel, which takes the state Xt and action At as input and returns the next state and reward Rt + 1. I also added a dotted line in the top bit, because the actions can depend on the entire history in general, although the markovian behaviors are more important.



enter image description here



Don't worry about updating your answers. I just wanted to learn about ways to improve next time. You helped me a ton.










share|improve this question




















  • 1





    Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:26













  • Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:55














9












9








9


3






I created this picture
this picture



with very basic TikZ components and the code looks a bit messy, is there a more elegant way to do this? And secondly, is there a way to put dots at the stubs of the arrows in the beginning and end?



begin{tikzpicture}
draw[->] (-3.7, -0.4) %%% transition stub beginning
to [out=0,in=180] (-3.1, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-3, -0.2);

draw[->] (-3.1, -0.4) %%% to R_{t-1}
to [out=0,in=90] (-3,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-3,-1);

draw (-3,-1.2) node {(R_{t-1})};
draw (-2.9,0) node {(X_{t-1})};

draw[->] (-2.9,0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to A_{t-1}
to [out=90,in=180] (-2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-1.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (-1.7,0.2);

draw (-1.7,0) node {(A_{t-1})};

draw (-1.7, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-1.6,-0.4);

draw[->] (-2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to X_t transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-2.7, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-0.1, -0.2);

draw[->] (-0.2, -0.4) %%% to R_t
to [out=0,in=90] (-0.1,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-0.1,-1);

draw (-0.1,-1.2) node {(R_t)};
draw (0,0) node {(X_t)};

draw[->] (0,0.3) %%% X_t to A_t
to [out=90,in=180] (0.1, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (1.1,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (1.2,0.2);

draw (1.2,0) node {(A_t)};

draw (1.2, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (1.3,-0.4);

draw[->] (0.1, -0.3) %%% X_t to X_{t+1} transition
to [out=270,in=180] (0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (2.5, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (2.6, -0.2);

draw[->] (2.5, -0.4) %%% to R_{t+1}
to [out=0,in=90] (2.6,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (2.6,-1);

draw (2.6,-1.2) node {(R_{t+1})};
draw (2.7,0) node {(X_{t+1})};

draw[->] (2.7,0.3) %%% X_{t+1} to A_{t+1}
to [out=90,in=180] (2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (3.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (3.9,0.2);

draw (3.9,0) node {(A_{t+1})};

draw (3.9, -0.3) %%% join transition stub
to [out=270,in=180] (4,-0.4);

draw (2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t+1} transition stub end
to [out=270,in=180] (2.9, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (4.8, -0.4);

end{tikzpicture}


EDIT: Regarding the question, whether or not the arrows are supposed to overlap:



Yes, it symbolizes a transition kernel, which takes the state Xt and action At as input and returns the next state and reward Rt + 1. I also added a dotted line in the top bit, because the actions can depend on the entire history in general, although the markovian behaviors are more important.



enter image description here



Don't worry about updating your answers. I just wanted to learn about ways to improve next time. You helped me a ton.










share|improve this question
















I created this picture
this picture



with very basic TikZ components and the code looks a bit messy, is there a more elegant way to do this? And secondly, is there a way to put dots at the stubs of the arrows in the beginning and end?



begin{tikzpicture}
draw[->] (-3.7, -0.4) %%% transition stub beginning
to [out=0,in=180] (-3.1, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-3, -0.2);

draw[->] (-3.1, -0.4) %%% to R_{t-1}
to [out=0,in=90] (-3,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-3,-1);

draw (-3,-1.2) node {(R_{t-1})};
draw (-2.9,0) node {(X_{t-1})};

draw[->] (-2.9,0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to A_{t-1}
to [out=90,in=180] (-2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-1.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (-1.7,0.2);

draw (-1.7,0) node {(A_{t-1})};

draw (-1.7, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-1.6,-0.4);

draw[->] (-2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t-1} to X_t transition
to [out=270,in=180] (-2.7, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (-0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (-0.1, -0.2);

draw[->] (-0.2, -0.4) %%% to R_t
to [out=0,in=90] (-0.1,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (-0.1,-1);

draw (-0.1,-1.2) node {(R_t)};
draw (0,0) node {(X_t)};

draw[->] (0,0.3) %%% X_t to A_t
to [out=90,in=180] (0.1, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (1.1,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (1.2,0.2);

draw (1.2,0) node {(A_t)};

draw (1.2, -0.3) %%% join transition
to [out=270,in=180] (1.3,-0.4);

draw[->] (0.1, -0.3) %%% X_t to X_{t+1} transition
to [out=270,in=180] (0.2, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (2.5, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=270] (2.6, -0.2);

draw[->] (2.5, -0.4) %%% to R_{t+1}
to [out=0,in=90] (2.6,-0.5)
to [out=270, in=90] (2.6,-1);

draw (2.6,-1.2) node {(R_{t+1})};
draw (2.7,0) node {(X_{t+1})};

draw[->] (2.7,0.3) %%% X_{t+1} to A_{t+1}
to [out=90,in=180] (2.8, 0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (3.8,0.4)
to [out=0,in=90] (3.9,0.2);

draw (3.9,0) node {(A_{t+1})};

draw (3.9, -0.3) %%% join transition stub
to [out=270,in=180] (4,-0.4);

draw (2.8, -0.3) %%% X_{t+1} transition stub end
to [out=270,in=180] (2.9, -0.4)
to [out=0,in=180] (4.8, -0.4);

end{tikzpicture}


EDIT: Regarding the question, whether or not the arrows are supposed to overlap:



Yes, it symbolizes a transition kernel, which takes the state Xt and action At as input and returns the next state and reward Rt + 1. I also added a dotted line in the top bit, because the actions can depend on the entire history in general, although the markovian behaviors are more important.



enter image description here



Don't worry about updating your answers. I just wanted to learn about ways to improve next time. You helped me a ton.







tikz-pgf tikz-arrows best-practices






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited yesterday









Andrew Swann

77.4k9130330




77.4k9130330










asked Mar 2 at 12:31









Felix B.Felix B.

1929




1929








  • 1





    Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:26













  • Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:55














  • 1





    Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:26













  • Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:55








1




1





Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

– Sigur
Mar 2 at 13:26







Do you really want to overlap the arrows? From X goes to where? Another X or to R? And from A, goes to where?

– Sigur
Mar 2 at 13:26















Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

– Sigur
Mar 2 at 13:55





Oh, good. Enjoy the code so. See you.

– Sigur
Mar 2 at 13:55










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















12














Since you asked is there a more elegant way to do this, here is a starting point to define the nodes using foreach.



enter image description here



documentclass[margin=2mm]{standalone}
usepackage{tikz}
begin{document}
begin{tikzpicture}[%
node distance=1.5cm,
inner sep=2pt,
]

foreach [count=i] l in {-1,,+1}{
node (Xi) at (4*i,0) {$X_{tl}$};
node[right of=Xi] (Ai) {$A_{tl}$};
node[below of=Xi] (Ri) {$R_{tl}$};
}
node[left of=X1] (left) {phantom{$X_t$}};
node[right of=A3] (right) {phantom{$X_t$}};

%% dashed line
draw[dashed] ([yshift=7.5pt]left.north) -- ([yshift=7.5pt]right.north);

begin{scope}[%
->,
rounded corners=5pt,
thick,
]

%% X to A
foreach i in {1,2,3}{%
draw (Xi.north)
-- ([yshift=7pt]Xi.north)
-| (Ai.north);
}

%% X to X
draw ([xshift=4pt]X1.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X1.south)
-| ([xshift=-4pt]X2.south);
draw ([xshift=4pt]X2.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X2.south)
-| ([xshift=-4pt]X3.south);

%% X to dots
draw ([xshift=4pt]X3.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X3.south)
-- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south)node[right]{$dots$};

%% A to dots
draw (A3.south) -- ([yshift=-7pt]A3.south)
-- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south);

%% A to R
draw (A1)
-- ([yshift=-7pt]A1.south)
-| (R2.north);
draw (A2)
-- ([yshift=-7pt]A2.south)
-| (R3.north);

%% dots to X
draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)node[left]{$dots$}
-| ([xshift=-4pt]X1.south);

%% dots to R
draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)
-| (R1.north);
end{scope}

end{tikzpicture}
end{document}





share|improve this answer


























  • tikz has loops? that's nice

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 13:17













  • @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:20











  • @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

    – JouleV
    Mar 2 at 13:26











  • I'll be out for some time now.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:50











  • @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 14:12



















6














I improved it by using node and taking advantage of these nodes' .south and .north – this would make the texts have a better spacing with the arrows. Also, a variant of the format of the arrows is used.



documentclass[tikz,margin=3mm]{standalone}
usetikzlibrary{calc}
begin{document}
begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
% Nodes
node (rt-1) at (0,0) {$R_{t-1}$};
node (xt-1) at (0,1) {$X_{t-1}$};
node (at-1) at (1,1) {$A_{t-1}$};
node (rt) at (2.5,0) {$R_t$};
node (xt) at (2.5,1) {$X_t$};
node (at) at (3.5,1) {$A_t$};
node (rt+1) at (5,0) {$R_{t+1}$};
node (xt+1) at (5,1) {$X_{t+1}$};
node (at+1) at (6,1) {$A_{t+1}$};
% Beginning
draw[<-] ($(xt-1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt-1);
draw[->] ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) -- (bt-1) to[out=0,in=90] (rt-1.north);
% At position t - 1
draw[->] (xt-1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at-1.north);
draw[->] ($(xt-1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et-1) -- ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt.north);
draw[<-] ($(xt.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt);
draw ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt);
draw (at-1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
% At position t
draw[->] (xt.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at.north);
draw[->] ($(xt.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et) -- ($(et)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt+1.north);
draw[<-] ($(xt+1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt+1);
draw ($(et)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt+1);
draw (at.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
% At position t + 1
draw[->] (xt+1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at+1.north);
draw ($(xt+1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et+1) -- ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$);
draw (at+1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
% The dots as you requested
draw ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) node[left] {$cdots$};
draw ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$) node[right]{$cdots$};
end{tikzpicture}
end{document}


enter image description here






share|improve this answer























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    2 Answers
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    2 Answers
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    12














    Since you asked is there a more elegant way to do this, here is a starting point to define the nodes using foreach.



    enter image description here



    documentclass[margin=2mm]{standalone}
    usepackage{tikz}
    begin{document}
    begin{tikzpicture}[%
    node distance=1.5cm,
    inner sep=2pt,
    ]

    foreach [count=i] l in {-1,,+1}{
    node (Xi) at (4*i,0) {$X_{tl}$};
    node[right of=Xi] (Ai) {$A_{tl}$};
    node[below of=Xi] (Ri) {$R_{tl}$};
    }
    node[left of=X1] (left) {phantom{$X_t$}};
    node[right of=A3] (right) {phantom{$X_t$}};

    %% dashed line
    draw[dashed] ([yshift=7.5pt]left.north) -- ([yshift=7.5pt]right.north);

    begin{scope}[%
    ->,
    rounded corners=5pt,
    thick,
    ]

    %% X to A
    foreach i in {1,2,3}{%
    draw (Xi.north)
    -- ([yshift=7pt]Xi.north)
    -| (Ai.north);
    }

    %% X to X
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X1.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X1.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X2.south);
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X2.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X2.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X3.south);

    %% X to dots
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X3.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south)node[right]{$dots$};

    %% A to dots
    draw (A3.south) -- ([yshift=-7pt]A3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south);

    %% A to R
    draw (A1)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A1.south)
    -| (R2.north);
    draw (A2)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A2.south)
    -| (R3.north);

    %% dots to X
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)node[left]{$dots$}
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X1.south);

    %% dots to R
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)
    -| (R1.north);
    end{scope}

    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}





    share|improve this answer


























    • tikz has loops? that's nice

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 13:17













    • @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:20











    • @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

      – JouleV
      Mar 2 at 13:26











    • I'll be out for some time now.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:50











    • @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 14:12
















    12














    Since you asked is there a more elegant way to do this, here is a starting point to define the nodes using foreach.



    enter image description here



    documentclass[margin=2mm]{standalone}
    usepackage{tikz}
    begin{document}
    begin{tikzpicture}[%
    node distance=1.5cm,
    inner sep=2pt,
    ]

    foreach [count=i] l in {-1,,+1}{
    node (Xi) at (4*i,0) {$X_{tl}$};
    node[right of=Xi] (Ai) {$A_{tl}$};
    node[below of=Xi] (Ri) {$R_{tl}$};
    }
    node[left of=X1] (left) {phantom{$X_t$}};
    node[right of=A3] (right) {phantom{$X_t$}};

    %% dashed line
    draw[dashed] ([yshift=7.5pt]left.north) -- ([yshift=7.5pt]right.north);

    begin{scope}[%
    ->,
    rounded corners=5pt,
    thick,
    ]

    %% X to A
    foreach i in {1,2,3}{%
    draw (Xi.north)
    -- ([yshift=7pt]Xi.north)
    -| (Ai.north);
    }

    %% X to X
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X1.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X1.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X2.south);
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X2.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X2.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X3.south);

    %% X to dots
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X3.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south)node[right]{$dots$};

    %% A to dots
    draw (A3.south) -- ([yshift=-7pt]A3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south);

    %% A to R
    draw (A1)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A1.south)
    -| (R2.north);
    draw (A2)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A2.south)
    -| (R3.north);

    %% dots to X
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)node[left]{$dots$}
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X1.south);

    %% dots to R
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)
    -| (R1.north);
    end{scope}

    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}





    share|improve this answer


























    • tikz has loops? that's nice

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 13:17













    • @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:20











    • @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

      – JouleV
      Mar 2 at 13:26











    • I'll be out for some time now.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:50











    • @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 14:12














    12












    12








    12







    Since you asked is there a more elegant way to do this, here is a starting point to define the nodes using foreach.



    enter image description here



    documentclass[margin=2mm]{standalone}
    usepackage{tikz}
    begin{document}
    begin{tikzpicture}[%
    node distance=1.5cm,
    inner sep=2pt,
    ]

    foreach [count=i] l in {-1,,+1}{
    node (Xi) at (4*i,0) {$X_{tl}$};
    node[right of=Xi] (Ai) {$A_{tl}$};
    node[below of=Xi] (Ri) {$R_{tl}$};
    }
    node[left of=X1] (left) {phantom{$X_t$}};
    node[right of=A3] (right) {phantom{$X_t$}};

    %% dashed line
    draw[dashed] ([yshift=7.5pt]left.north) -- ([yshift=7.5pt]right.north);

    begin{scope}[%
    ->,
    rounded corners=5pt,
    thick,
    ]

    %% X to A
    foreach i in {1,2,3}{%
    draw (Xi.north)
    -- ([yshift=7pt]Xi.north)
    -| (Ai.north);
    }

    %% X to X
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X1.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X1.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X2.south);
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X2.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X2.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X3.south);

    %% X to dots
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X3.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south)node[right]{$dots$};

    %% A to dots
    draw (A3.south) -- ([yshift=-7pt]A3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south);

    %% A to R
    draw (A1)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A1.south)
    -| (R2.north);
    draw (A2)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A2.south)
    -| (R3.north);

    %% dots to X
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)node[left]{$dots$}
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X1.south);

    %% dots to R
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)
    -| (R1.north);
    end{scope}

    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}





    share|improve this answer















    Since you asked is there a more elegant way to do this, here is a starting point to define the nodes using foreach.



    enter image description here



    documentclass[margin=2mm]{standalone}
    usepackage{tikz}
    begin{document}
    begin{tikzpicture}[%
    node distance=1.5cm,
    inner sep=2pt,
    ]

    foreach [count=i] l in {-1,,+1}{
    node (Xi) at (4*i,0) {$X_{tl}$};
    node[right of=Xi] (Ai) {$A_{tl}$};
    node[below of=Xi] (Ri) {$R_{tl}$};
    }
    node[left of=X1] (left) {phantom{$X_t$}};
    node[right of=A3] (right) {phantom{$X_t$}};

    %% dashed line
    draw[dashed] ([yshift=7.5pt]left.north) -- ([yshift=7.5pt]right.north);

    begin{scope}[%
    ->,
    rounded corners=5pt,
    thick,
    ]

    %% X to A
    foreach i in {1,2,3}{%
    draw (Xi.north)
    -- ([yshift=7pt]Xi.north)
    -| (Ai.north);
    }

    %% X to X
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X1.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X1.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X2.south);
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X2.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X2.south)
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X3.south);

    %% X to dots
    draw ([xshift=4pt]X3.south) -- ([xshift=4pt,yshift=-7pt]X3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south)node[right]{$dots$};

    %% A to dots
    draw (A3.south) -- ([yshift=-7pt]A3.south)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]right.south);

    %% A to R
    draw (A1)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A1.south)
    -| (R2.north);
    draw (A2)
    -- ([yshift=-7pt]A2.south)
    -| (R3.north);

    %% dots to X
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)node[left]{$dots$}
    -| ([xshift=-4pt]X1.south);

    %% dots to R
    draw ([yshift=-7pt]left.south)
    -| (R1.north);
    end{scope}

    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}






    share|improve this answer














    share|improve this answer



    share|improve this answer








    edited Mar 2 at 15:55

























    answered Mar 2 at 12:57









    SigurSigur

    25.8k457140




    25.8k457140













    • tikz has loops? that's nice

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 13:17













    • @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:20











    • @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

      – JouleV
      Mar 2 at 13:26











    • I'll be out for some time now.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:50











    • @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 14:12



















    • tikz has loops? that's nice

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 13:17













    • @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:20











    • @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

      – JouleV
      Mar 2 at 13:26











    • I'll be out for some time now.

      – Sigur
      Mar 2 at 13:50











    • @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

      – Felix B.
      Mar 2 at 14:12

















    tikz has loops? that's nice

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 13:17







    tikz has loops? that's nice

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 13:17















    @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:20





    @FelixB., oh, yes. Not only TikZ, but there is pgffor.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:20













    @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

    – JouleV
    Mar 2 at 13:26





    @FelixB. Read more in Section 2.20 of the TikZ - PGF manual: Repeating Things: For-Loops.

    – JouleV
    Mar 2 at 13:26













    I'll be out for some time now.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:50





    I'll be out for some time now.

    – Sigur
    Mar 2 at 13:50













    @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 14:12





    @Sigur I guess -| means it does not go diagonally but rather makes a corner?

    – Felix B.
    Mar 2 at 14:12











    6














    I improved it by using node and taking advantage of these nodes' .south and .north – this would make the texts have a better spacing with the arrows. Also, a variant of the format of the arrows is used.



    documentclass[tikz,margin=3mm]{standalone}
    usetikzlibrary{calc}
    begin{document}
    begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
    % Nodes
    node (rt-1) at (0,0) {$R_{t-1}$};
    node (xt-1) at (0,1) {$X_{t-1}$};
    node (at-1) at (1,1) {$A_{t-1}$};
    node (rt) at (2.5,0) {$R_t$};
    node (xt) at (2.5,1) {$X_t$};
    node (at) at (3.5,1) {$A_t$};
    node (rt+1) at (5,0) {$R_{t+1}$};
    node (xt+1) at (5,1) {$X_{t+1}$};
    node (at+1) at (6,1) {$A_{t+1}$};
    % Beginning
    draw[<-] ($(xt-1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt-1);
    draw[->] ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) -- (bt-1) to[out=0,in=90] (rt-1.north);
    % At position t - 1
    draw[->] (xt-1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at-1.north);
    draw[->] ($(xt-1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et-1) -- ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt.north);
    draw[<-] ($(xt.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt);
    draw ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt);
    draw (at-1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
    % At position t
    draw[->] (xt.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at.north);
    draw[->] ($(xt.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et) -- ($(et)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt+1.north);
    draw[<-] ($(xt+1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt+1);
    draw ($(et)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt+1);
    draw (at.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
    % At position t + 1
    draw[->] (xt+1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at+1.north);
    draw ($(xt+1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et+1) -- ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$);
    draw (at+1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
    % The dots as you requested
    draw ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) node[left] {$cdots$};
    draw ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$) node[right]{$cdots$};
    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}


    enter image description here






    share|improve this answer




























      6














      I improved it by using node and taking advantage of these nodes' .south and .north – this would make the texts have a better spacing with the arrows. Also, a variant of the format of the arrows is used.



      documentclass[tikz,margin=3mm]{standalone}
      usetikzlibrary{calc}
      begin{document}
      begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
      % Nodes
      node (rt-1) at (0,0) {$R_{t-1}$};
      node (xt-1) at (0,1) {$X_{t-1}$};
      node (at-1) at (1,1) {$A_{t-1}$};
      node (rt) at (2.5,0) {$R_t$};
      node (xt) at (2.5,1) {$X_t$};
      node (at) at (3.5,1) {$A_t$};
      node (rt+1) at (5,0) {$R_{t+1}$};
      node (xt+1) at (5,1) {$X_{t+1}$};
      node (at+1) at (6,1) {$A_{t+1}$};
      % Beginning
      draw[<-] ($(xt-1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt-1);
      draw[->] ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) -- (bt-1) to[out=0,in=90] (rt-1.north);
      % At position t - 1
      draw[->] (xt-1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at-1.north);
      draw[->] ($(xt-1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et-1) -- ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt.north);
      draw[<-] ($(xt.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt);
      draw ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt);
      draw (at-1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
      % At position t
      draw[->] (xt.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at.north);
      draw[->] ($(xt.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et) -- ($(et)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt+1.north);
      draw[<-] ($(xt+1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt+1);
      draw ($(et)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt+1);
      draw (at.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
      % At position t + 1
      draw[->] (xt+1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at+1.north);
      draw ($(xt+1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et+1) -- ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$);
      draw (at+1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
      % The dots as you requested
      draw ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) node[left] {$cdots$};
      draw ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$) node[right]{$cdots$};
      end{tikzpicture}
      end{document}


      enter image description here






      share|improve this answer


























        6












        6








        6







        I improved it by using node and taking advantage of these nodes' .south and .north – this would make the texts have a better spacing with the arrows. Also, a variant of the format of the arrows is used.



        documentclass[tikz,margin=3mm]{standalone}
        usetikzlibrary{calc}
        begin{document}
        begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
        % Nodes
        node (rt-1) at (0,0) {$R_{t-1}$};
        node (xt-1) at (0,1) {$X_{t-1}$};
        node (at-1) at (1,1) {$A_{t-1}$};
        node (rt) at (2.5,0) {$R_t$};
        node (xt) at (2.5,1) {$X_t$};
        node (at) at (3.5,1) {$A_t$};
        node (rt+1) at (5,0) {$R_{t+1}$};
        node (xt+1) at (5,1) {$X_{t+1}$};
        node (at+1) at (6,1) {$A_{t+1}$};
        % Beginning
        draw[<-] ($(xt-1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt-1);
        draw[->] ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) -- (bt-1) to[out=0,in=90] (rt-1.north);
        % At position t - 1
        draw[->] (xt-1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at-1.north);
        draw[->] ($(xt-1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et-1) -- ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt.north);
        draw[<-] ($(xt.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt);
        draw ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt);
        draw (at-1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % At position t
        draw[->] (xt.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at.north);
        draw[->] ($(xt.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et) -- ($(et)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt+1.north);
        draw[<-] ($(xt+1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt+1);
        draw ($(et)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt+1);
        draw (at.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % At position t + 1
        draw[->] (xt+1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at+1.north);
        draw ($(xt+1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et+1) -- ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$);
        draw (at+1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % The dots as you requested
        draw ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) node[left] {$cdots$};
        draw ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$) node[right]{$cdots$};
        end{tikzpicture}
        end{document}


        enter image description here






        share|improve this answer













        I improved it by using node and taking advantage of these nodes' .south and .north – this would make the texts have a better spacing with the arrows. Also, a variant of the format of the arrows is used.



        documentclass[tikz,margin=3mm]{standalone}
        usetikzlibrary{calc}
        begin{document}
        begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
        % Nodes
        node (rt-1) at (0,0) {$R_{t-1}$};
        node (xt-1) at (0,1) {$X_{t-1}$};
        node (at-1) at (1,1) {$A_{t-1}$};
        node (rt) at (2.5,0) {$R_t$};
        node (xt) at (2.5,1) {$X_t$};
        node (at) at (3.5,1) {$A_t$};
        node (rt+1) at (5,0) {$R_{t+1}$};
        node (xt+1) at (5,1) {$X_{t+1}$};
        node (at+1) at (6,1) {$A_{t+1}$};
        % Beginning
        draw[<-] ($(xt-1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt-1);
        draw[->] ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) -- (bt-1) to[out=0,in=90] (rt-1.north);
        % At position t - 1
        draw[->] (xt-1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at-1.north);
        draw[->] ($(xt-1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et-1) -- ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt.north);
        draw[<-] ($(xt.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt);
        draw ($(et-1)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt);
        draw (at-1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % At position t
        draw[->] (xt.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at.north);
        draw[->] ($(xt.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et) -- ($(et)+(1.5,0)$) to[out=0,in=90] (rt+1.north);
        draw[<-] ($(xt+1.south)+(-.1,0)$) arc (0:-90:.25cm) coordinate (bt+1);
        draw ($(et)+(1.5,0)$)--(bt+1);
        draw (at.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % At position t + 1
        draw[->] (xt+1.north) to[out=90,in=90] (at+1.north);
        draw ($(xt+1.south)+(.1,0)$) arc (180:270:.25cm) coordinate (et+1) -- ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$);
        draw (at+1.south) arc (180:270:.25cm);
        % The dots as you requested
        draw ($(bt-1)+(-.5,0)$) node[left] {$cdots$};
        draw ($(et+1)+(1.5,0)$) node[right]{$cdots$};
        end{tikzpicture}
        end{document}


        enter image description here







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        answered Mar 2 at 13:02









        JouleVJouleV

        4,91111139




        4,91111139






























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