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Was Unix ever a single-user OS?


Was The Telemark Assembler available for the Unix or Mac Environments?“ps” returning “No namelist” on UNIX V7How to get a list of processes on UNIX V7?Does UNIX V7 have a built-in file editor?Was job control supported in UNIX V7 or earlier?Can you get the file descriptors of a process in UNIX V7?Why was UNIX never backported to the PDP-7?Why is Windows using CRLF and Unix just LF when Unix is the older system?Why did Unix use slash as the directory separator?Process model in early UNIX













5















I've been told that Unix started out as a Phone Switch OS and was not a multi-user OS at some time in its infancy.



As I'm always willing to learn new things, are there any greybeards around here older than me that remember this?



Bonus points if you can find any documentation to back it up. Scans of old manuals count as my quick googling didn't turn up anything on-line...










share|improve this question























  • Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

    – Walter Mitty
    7 hours ago











  • @WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

    – Fabby
    7 hours ago











  • Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

    – Walter Mitty
    2 hours ago
















5















I've been told that Unix started out as a Phone Switch OS and was not a multi-user OS at some time in its infancy.



As I'm always willing to learn new things, are there any greybeards around here older than me that remember this?



Bonus points if you can find any documentation to back it up. Scans of old manuals count as my quick googling didn't turn up anything on-line...










share|improve this question























  • Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

    – Walter Mitty
    7 hours ago











  • @WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

    – Fabby
    7 hours ago











  • Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

    – Walter Mitty
    2 hours ago














5












5








5








I've been told that Unix started out as a Phone Switch OS and was not a multi-user OS at some time in its infancy.



As I'm always willing to learn new things, are there any greybeards around here older than me that remember this?



Bonus points if you can find any documentation to back it up. Scans of old manuals count as my quick googling didn't turn up anything on-line...










share|improve this question














I've been told that Unix started out as a Phone Switch OS and was not a multi-user OS at some time in its infancy.



As I'm always willing to learn new things, are there any greybeards around here older than me that remember this?



Bonus points if you can find any documentation to back it up. Scans of old manuals count as my quick googling didn't turn up anything on-line...







history unix






share|improve this question













share|improve this question











share|improve this question




share|improve this question










asked 7 hours ago









FabbyFabby

1965




1965













  • Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

    – Walter Mitty
    7 hours ago











  • @WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

    – Fabby
    7 hours ago











  • Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

    – Walter Mitty
    2 hours ago



















  • Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

    – Walter Mitty
    7 hours ago











  • @WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

    – Fabby
    7 hours ago











  • Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

    – Walter Mitty
    2 hours ago

















Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

– Walter Mitty
7 hours ago





Note that single user and single program are not the same thing.

– Walter Mitty
7 hours ago













@WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

– Fabby
7 hours ago





@WalterMitty I'm from the CP/M era and remember single-tasking single-user OSes... ;-)

– Fabby
7 hours ago













Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

– Walter Mitty
2 hours ago





Yes, me too, although I had lots of prior experience with timesharing. But my comment was directed at unix. AFAIK unix was always capaple of supporting multitasking, perhaps by some other name.

– Walter Mitty
2 hours ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















9














Going from “AT&T made phone switches” to the idea that Unix was intended to drive phone switches is quite a leap. The creators of Unix described its creation and development in some detail, e.g. in The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System:




What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.




So Unix was really a scratch-your-own-itch development at first, and intended to be multi-process and multi-user from the beginning. Of course the costs involved in developing it (mostly buying hardware) had to be justified, which quickly led to the development of text-processing software and various other developments later on.



You can run V1 Unix on an emulated PDP-11 on a modern computer; the default configuration supports 8 logins. A partial reconstruction of the original PDP-7 Unix is also available. The latter supported multiple users and processes, but only one of each at a time (ten process slots were available but only one process was swapped in at a time).



Diomidis Spinellis’ Unix history repo contains source code for most historical Unix releases, including PDP-7 Unix.






share|improve this answer

































    1














    From this page, Wikipedia and elsewhere, it is pretty clear that the first Unix system was on a PDP-7. As far as I can tell, the PDP-7 (unlike the PDP-11 where Unix became more than just a one-off system) was not a multi-user system. On the other hand, one could argue that Unix wasn't officially "Unix" on that very first PDP-7. So from very early on, though possibly not the first system, Unix has been a multi-user system. I doubt there is much extant documentation form the pre-PDP-11 era, particularly since little was released publicly until a few years after Unix was first written. Or as this PDP-11 history page describes it:




    These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.




    On the other hand, plenty of multi-user operating systems - Unix, Linux, MP/M, MP/M-86 - and I am sure many other mini-computer & micro-computer operating systems - have been used as single-user systems over the years by power users as an easy way to get a multi-tasking system for increased productivity, especially prior to functional versions of Microsoft Windows.






    share|improve this answer



















    • 1





      One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

      – Stephen Kitt
      5 hours ago












    Your Answer








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    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

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    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    9














    Going from “AT&T made phone switches” to the idea that Unix was intended to drive phone switches is quite a leap. The creators of Unix described its creation and development in some detail, e.g. in The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System:




    What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.




    So Unix was really a scratch-your-own-itch development at first, and intended to be multi-process and multi-user from the beginning. Of course the costs involved in developing it (mostly buying hardware) had to be justified, which quickly led to the development of text-processing software and various other developments later on.



    You can run V1 Unix on an emulated PDP-11 on a modern computer; the default configuration supports 8 logins. A partial reconstruction of the original PDP-7 Unix is also available. The latter supported multiple users and processes, but only one of each at a time (ten process slots were available but only one process was swapped in at a time).



    Diomidis Spinellis’ Unix history repo contains source code for most historical Unix releases, including PDP-7 Unix.






    share|improve this answer






























      9














      Going from “AT&T made phone switches” to the idea that Unix was intended to drive phone switches is quite a leap. The creators of Unix described its creation and development in some detail, e.g. in The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System:




      What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.




      So Unix was really a scratch-your-own-itch development at first, and intended to be multi-process and multi-user from the beginning. Of course the costs involved in developing it (mostly buying hardware) had to be justified, which quickly led to the development of text-processing software and various other developments later on.



      You can run V1 Unix on an emulated PDP-11 on a modern computer; the default configuration supports 8 logins. A partial reconstruction of the original PDP-7 Unix is also available. The latter supported multiple users and processes, but only one of each at a time (ten process slots were available but only one process was swapped in at a time).



      Diomidis Spinellis’ Unix history repo contains source code for most historical Unix releases, including PDP-7 Unix.






      share|improve this answer




























        9












        9








        9







        Going from “AT&T made phone switches” to the idea that Unix was intended to drive phone switches is quite a leap. The creators of Unix described its creation and development in some detail, e.g. in The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System:




        What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.




        So Unix was really a scratch-your-own-itch development at first, and intended to be multi-process and multi-user from the beginning. Of course the costs involved in developing it (mostly buying hardware) had to be justified, which quickly led to the development of text-processing software and various other developments later on.



        You can run V1 Unix on an emulated PDP-11 on a modern computer; the default configuration supports 8 logins. A partial reconstruction of the original PDP-7 Unix is also available. The latter supported multiple users and processes, but only one of each at a time (ten process slots were available but only one process was swapped in at a time).



        Diomidis Spinellis’ Unix history repo contains source code for most historical Unix releases, including PDP-7 Unix.






        share|improve this answer















        Going from “AT&T made phone switches” to the idea that Unix was intended to drive phone switches is quite a leap. The creators of Unix described its creation and development in some detail, e.g. in The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System:




        What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.




        So Unix was really a scratch-your-own-itch development at first, and intended to be multi-process and multi-user from the beginning. Of course the costs involved in developing it (mostly buying hardware) had to be justified, which quickly led to the development of text-processing software and various other developments later on.



        You can run V1 Unix on an emulated PDP-11 on a modern computer; the default configuration supports 8 logins. A partial reconstruction of the original PDP-7 Unix is also available. The latter supported multiple users and processes, but only one of each at a time (ten process slots were available but only one process was swapped in at a time).



        Diomidis Spinellis’ Unix history repo contains source code for most historical Unix releases, including PDP-7 Unix.







        share|improve this answer














        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer








        edited 5 hours ago

























        answered 6 hours ago









        Stephen KittStephen Kitt

        41.7k8172179




        41.7k8172179























            1














            From this page, Wikipedia and elsewhere, it is pretty clear that the first Unix system was on a PDP-7. As far as I can tell, the PDP-7 (unlike the PDP-11 where Unix became more than just a one-off system) was not a multi-user system. On the other hand, one could argue that Unix wasn't officially "Unix" on that very first PDP-7. So from very early on, though possibly not the first system, Unix has been a multi-user system. I doubt there is much extant documentation form the pre-PDP-11 era, particularly since little was released publicly until a few years after Unix was first written. Or as this PDP-11 history page describes it:




            These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.




            On the other hand, plenty of multi-user operating systems - Unix, Linux, MP/M, MP/M-86 - and I am sure many other mini-computer & micro-computer operating systems - have been used as single-user systems over the years by power users as an easy way to get a multi-tasking system for increased productivity, especially prior to functional versions of Microsoft Windows.






            share|improve this answer



















            • 1





              One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

              – Stephen Kitt
              5 hours ago
















            1














            From this page, Wikipedia and elsewhere, it is pretty clear that the first Unix system was on a PDP-7. As far as I can tell, the PDP-7 (unlike the PDP-11 where Unix became more than just a one-off system) was not a multi-user system. On the other hand, one could argue that Unix wasn't officially "Unix" on that very first PDP-7. So from very early on, though possibly not the first system, Unix has been a multi-user system. I doubt there is much extant documentation form the pre-PDP-11 era, particularly since little was released publicly until a few years after Unix was first written. Or as this PDP-11 history page describes it:




            These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.




            On the other hand, plenty of multi-user operating systems - Unix, Linux, MP/M, MP/M-86 - and I am sure many other mini-computer & micro-computer operating systems - have been used as single-user systems over the years by power users as an easy way to get a multi-tasking system for increased productivity, especially prior to functional versions of Microsoft Windows.






            share|improve this answer



















            • 1





              One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

              – Stephen Kitt
              5 hours ago














            1












            1








            1







            From this page, Wikipedia and elsewhere, it is pretty clear that the first Unix system was on a PDP-7. As far as I can tell, the PDP-7 (unlike the PDP-11 where Unix became more than just a one-off system) was not a multi-user system. On the other hand, one could argue that Unix wasn't officially "Unix" on that very first PDP-7. So from very early on, though possibly not the first system, Unix has been a multi-user system. I doubt there is much extant documentation form the pre-PDP-11 era, particularly since little was released publicly until a few years after Unix was first written. Or as this PDP-11 history page describes it:




            These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.




            On the other hand, plenty of multi-user operating systems - Unix, Linux, MP/M, MP/M-86 - and I am sure many other mini-computer & micro-computer operating systems - have been used as single-user systems over the years by power users as an easy way to get a multi-tasking system for increased productivity, especially prior to functional versions of Microsoft Windows.






            share|improve this answer













            From this page, Wikipedia and elsewhere, it is pretty clear that the first Unix system was on a PDP-7. As far as I can tell, the PDP-7 (unlike the PDP-11 where Unix became more than just a one-off system) was not a multi-user system. On the other hand, one could argue that Unix wasn't officially "Unix" on that very first PDP-7. So from very early on, though possibly not the first system, Unix has been a multi-user system. I doubt there is much extant documentation form the pre-PDP-11 era, particularly since little was released publicly until a few years after Unix was first written. Or as this PDP-11 history page describes it:




            These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.




            On the other hand, plenty of multi-user operating systems - Unix, Linux, MP/M, MP/M-86 - and I am sure many other mini-computer & micro-computer operating systems - have been used as single-user systems over the years by power users as an easy way to get a multi-tasking system for increased productivity, especially prior to functional versions of Microsoft Windows.







            share|improve this answer












            share|improve this answer



            share|improve this answer










            answered 6 hours ago









            manassehkatzmanassehkatz

            3,162725




            3,162725








            • 1





              One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

              – Stephen Kitt
              5 hours ago














            • 1





              One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

              – Stephen Kitt
              5 hours ago








            1




            1





            One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

            – Stephen Kitt
            5 hours ago





            One could even buy single-user licenses for Unix, at least with some of the Unix releases on the PC.

            – Stephen Kitt
            5 hours ago


















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