This question is mainly related to Multiple listings styles. If I have usepackage{caption} definition in the head of file, list of custom listings disappear. How to make it work?

documentclass{article}

usepackage{regexpatch}% http://ctan.org/pkg/regexpatch

usepackage{listings}% http://ctan.org/pkg/listings

usepackage{caption}

makeatletter

% --------------------------------------- C++

newcommand{lstlistcplusplusname}{List of C++}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofcplusplus{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistcplusplusname

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{loc}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{cplusplus}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{C++ Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{loc}{}{}%

  lstset{language=C++,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- R

newcommand{lstlistrcodename}{List of R}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofrcode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistrcodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lor}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{rcode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{R Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lor}{}{}%

  lstset{language=R,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- Pseudocode

newcommand{lstlistpseudocodename}{List of Pseudocode}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofpseudocode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistpseudocodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lop}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{pseudocode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{Pseudocode}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lop}{}{}%

  lstset{basicstyle=ttfamily,#1}}

  {}

makeatother

begin{document}



lstlistofcplusplus

lstlistofrcode

lstlistofpseudocode



begin{cplusplus}[caption={Hello world}]

// 'Hello World!' program 



#include <iostream>



int main()

{

  std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;

  return 0;

}

end{cplusplus}



begin{rcode}[caption={Hello world}]

cat('Hello, world!n')

end{rcode}



begin{pseudocode}[caption={Hello world}]

print "Hello world"

end{pseudocode}



end{document}

I don't know for sure, but I think ,there's a clash between the regexpatch package and the caption package. As an alternative to the caption package, I found the capt-of package in CTAN. When I used this package everything worked smoothly.

documentclass{article}

usepackage{regexpatch}% http://ctan.org/pkg/regexpatch

usepackage{listings}% http://ctan.org/pkg/listings

usepackage{capt-of}

usepackage{graphicx}

makeatletter

% --------------------------------------- C++

newcommand{lstlistcplusplusname}{List of C++}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofcplusplus{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistcplusplusname

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{loc}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{cplusplus}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{C++ Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{loc}{}{}%

  lstset{language=C++,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- R

newcommand{lstlistrcodename}{List of R}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofrcode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistrcodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lor}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{rcode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{R Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lor}{}{}%

  lstset{language=R,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- Pseudocode

newcommand{lstlistpseudocodename}{List of Pseudocode}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofpseudocode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistpseudocodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lop}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{pseudocode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{Pseudocode}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lop}{}{}%

  lstset{basicstyle=ttfamily,#1}}

  {}

makeatother

begin{document}



lstlistofcplusplus

lstlistofrcode

lstlistofpseudocode



begin{cplusplus}[caption={Hello world}]

// 'Hello World!' program 



#include <iostream>



int main()

{

  std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;

  return 0;

}

end{cplusplus}



begin{rcode}[caption={Hello world}]

cat('Hello, world!n')

end{rcode}



begin{pseudocode}[caption={Hello world}]

print "Hello world"

end{pseudocode}



begin{figure}[h]

centering

includegraphics[scale=0.5]{example-image-a}

captionof{figure}{Example image a.}

end{figure}



end{document}

The caption package needs to patch lst@MakeCaption to adapt the listings package to the features of the caption package. It stores (and uses) the original definition of lst@MakeCaption into a macro called caption@ORI@lst@MakeCaption, so to make your solution work, this macro needs to be patched:

documentclass{article}

usepackage{regexpatch}% http://ctan.org/pkg/regexpatch

usepackage{listings}% http://ctan.org/pkg/listings

usepackage{caption}

makeatletter

% --------------------------------------- C++

newcommand{lstlistcplusplusname}{List of C++}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofcplusplus{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistcplusplusname

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{loc}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{cplusplus}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{C++ Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{loc}{}{}%

  xpatchcmd*{caption@ORI@lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{loc}{}{}%

  lstset{language=C++,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- R

newcommand{lstlistrcodename}{List of R}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofrcode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistrcodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lor}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{rcode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{R Code}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lor}{}{}%

  xpatchcmd*{caption@ORI@lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lor}{}{}%

  lstset{language=R,#1}}

  {}

% --------------------------------------- Pseudocode

newcommand{lstlistpseudocodename}{List of Pseudocode}

lst@UserCommandlstlistofpseudocode{bgroup

    letcontentsnamelstlistpseudocodename

    letlst@temp@starttoc def@starttoc##1{lst@temp{lop}}%

    tableofcontents egroup}

lstnewenvironment{pseudocode}[1][]{%

  renewcommand{lstlistingname}{Pseudocode}%

  xpatchcmd*{lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lop}{}{}%

  xpatchcmd*{caption@ORI@lst@MakeCaption}{lol}{lop}{}{}%

  lstset{basicstyle=ttfamily,#1}}

  {}

makeatother

begin{document}

lstlistofcplusplus
lstlistofrcode
lstlistofpseudocode

begin{cplusplus}[caption={Hello world}]
// 'Hello World!' program

include

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
end{cplusplus}

begin{rcode}[caption={Hello world}]
cat('Hello, world!n')
end{rcode}

begin{pseudocode}[caption={Hello world}]
print "Hello world"
end{pseudocode}

end{document}

It's a pity that the listings feature does not define and use defext@lstlisting{lol}, like all other environments which do offer a "List of" feature. In this case redefining ext@lstlisting would be sufficient, with and without caption package (or any other package patching lst@MakeCaption).